Culture or culture is the whole idea and the thing made or created by humans in historical development. Ruth Benedict's view of culture as a mindset and do what is visible in the lives of a group of human beings and which distinguishes it from other groups. Experts generally agree that culture is human behavior and adjustment based on things learned / learning behavior (Sajidiman, in the "Liberation of Culture-Culture You"; 1999).
Its diverse culture, but because it is the fruit of adab (magnanimity), then all cultures are always orderly, beautiful, worthy, noble, gives a sense of peaceful, happy, happy, and so on. The nature of culture becomes a sign and size of the low-high civilization of each nation (Dewantara; 1994).
Culture can be divided into 3 different views of the state of the types:
Live-human inwardness, which is causing an orderly peaceful society with the indigenous life-customs are smooth and beautiful; peaceful orderly government of the country; orderly peaceful religion or mysticism and morality.
Human chimera, which can lead to dignity of language, literature and morality.
Human intelligence, which raises all sorts of intelligence about the company's land, commerce, crafts, shipping, traffic links, art is manifold, everything is beautiful (Dewantara; 1994).
Ki Hajar Dewantara defines culture as a victory or a result of the struggle of life, namely the struggle against two powerful and enduring strength, nature and age. Culture has never had any form of enduring, but constantly changing, instead of nature and time. (Dewantara; 1994).
NATIONAL CULTURE
Indonesian National Culture is all peaks and sari-sari culture that valued the entire archipelago, both old and new creation, the national spirit (Dewantara; 1994).
National Culture Indonesia essentially consists of all cultures present in the territory of the Republic of Indonesia. Without the cultures there was no National Culture. That does not mean simply the sum of all of National Culture on the local cultures across the nation. National culture is a reality, since national unity is a reality. National culture will steadily if on the one hand the cultures native archipelago remained steady, and on the other side of national life can be experienced as meaningful by all citizens of Indonesia (Suseno; 1992).
In Article 32 UUD 1945 stated, "Culture is the culture that arises as a fruit of mind-power business people of Indonesia entirely. Culture old and contained the original as the peaks of culture in the regions throughout Indonesia, counted as a Cultural Nation. Business culture should be headed toward civilized progress, culture and unity, by not refusing new material from a foreign culture that can develop or enrich their own national culture, and the heightens the degree of humanity of Indonesia "(Atmadja, the" Liberation of Culture-Culture You; 1999).
INDONESIAN CULTURAL ROOTS
The following will quote the author of the history of the ancestors of Indonesia from the writings of Mochtar Lubis in 1986 in a speech culture, entitled "Situation We Roots Culture".
Our ancestors are the portion of the outflow of people moving in ancient times that have been lost as a loss of shadow puppet from the screen of history, moving from the East Central Europe and the northern Balkan region around the Black Sea to the east, reaching Asia, into China. And in China the outflow of these branches to the north, east and south.
Flow reached the area south of Yunnan, while the eastern reaches north Indochina. This is where the cradle of culture in Indonesia. Human beings move and moving to Asia from Central Europe and Balkan region is one Tharacia, Iliria, Cimeria, Kakusia, and may include the Teutons, who began their migration in the 9th century until the 8th century before the prophet Jesus. They bring expertise to make iron and bronze.
The ancestors of people in Indonesia who have been in advance of them in the Dong Son area has developed without a lot of monumental art of the decorative ornamental. Of the newcomers, they take over, accept, and assimilate the ornamental art of immigrants from the west. Not only in ornamental, but also in the decorative fabric (very many similarities between the ornate woven Indonesia and the Balkans for example), and also in music and nyayian. Jaap Kunst, an expert on music, Indonesian music experts also identified similarities nyayian people on the island of Flores with the singing of the people in the eastern part of Yugoslavia (Balkan). Dong Son culture showed more similarities and links with European culture than Chinese culture.
The ancestors of Dong Son is moving to the south, and then reached the archipelago. In the archipelago there is almost no separation between the bronze age and iron age. This same thing happened in Indochina. In the excavation of archaeological sites, bronze and iron are always found together. Hulu Dong Son many human-shaped knife, such as the keris Majapahit. Upstream blade similar form is also found in Holstein (Germany), Denmark, and in Kauskasus.
However, before the ancestors of Dong Son down to the archipelago, other human groups have been first to come. During the last ice age, approximately 15,000 years before Christ, the history of the archipelago suggests that most of the western archipelago together with mainland Southeast Asia, Java, Sumatra, Borneo and the territory that is now the Java Sea. When the ice ended, sea levels rose again, and formed clusters of islands as we know it today. The history of the archipelago has been a big influence on the development of Malay-Polynesian people. They are a maritime nation, which is approximately 1000 years before the prophet Isa megarungi Indian Ocean. Hebrews old manuscripts from the period late 2000 and early 1000 prior to the Prophet Jesus has called the trade in cinnamon from various places along the east coast of Africa.
An Arabic manuscript from the 13th century tell the influx of Malay-Polynesian people to the western Indian Ocean. The script was said that in the decline of the Kingdom Fira'un in Egypt, a place called Aden, which controls the entrance to the Red Sea (whose term was a place of fishermen population), have been seized by the Qumr (Malayo-Polynesian) that come with the fleet which consists of boats that use an outrigger. They expelled the local population, build monuments and maintaining direct relations with the island of Madagascar and Southeast Asia. Historians say it may happen at the time of Prophet Jesus is alive. For quite a long period of the Malay-Polynesian seafaring and trade control through the Indian Ocean from Southeast Asia to the door of the Red Sea, along the east coast of Africa and the island of Madagascar.
In doing this, they have also brought a variety of cultural treasures to Madagascar and Africa. In Madagascar they have settled in the western half of the island. Is still visible similarities between the language of words and language of Madagascar Manyaan tribe in Borneo. To the east, the ancestors of the Malayo-Polynesians sailed deep into the interior of the Pacific, settling in various islands, and they most eastward reached Easter Island, the island furthest to the east of the archipelago.
It is clear that our nation's culture is rooted deep into prehistory, to the past so far, to have vanished from the memory of our nation. It is also clear that we have inherited the culture of the world in those days, in addition to our ancestors also gave donations to the cultures of other nations across the Indian Ocean, as well as create a variety of cultures in Madagascar, and in the islands of the Pacific Ocean.
Given this back, are we now, as the direct heir of them, should feel afraid to face the 21st century and beyond? It should not! We must dare to examine ourselves carefully. What deficiencies we are now, until we do not have the ability, courage and creativity to do the big things for our nation and mankind today?
The process through Mesolitik reach Neolithic era may occur approximately 3500-2500 years before the Prophet Isa. When they started living together in small communities and began to develop agriculture and irrigation system. In this age of cultural roots growing consensus Indonesia, because at that time there has been no head and king, and everything is still discussed by all members of the community, led by people who are older. Women join deliberation, and children may attend and participate hearing. In the interest Sakudei in Mentawai islands, a Swiss researchers reported that he still found it a long tradition of deliberation.
The roots of our culture is also growing in the belief that everything on earth has the "spirits" themselves. The spirit of man is his brother, who can escape from within one's body, and spirit can be a disaster in his adventures outside of our bodies, which can lead to have any body to fall ill or die. Man should be kind-either in conjunction with this spirit world.
Furthermore, our ancestors in the Megalithic it has the concept of relationship and conflict between the world above and the underworld. In particular ceremony, they build-megalith megaliths in order to protect the spirit of the dangers that come from the underworld, to be a liaison between the living and the dead, and to perpetuate their magical powers who built these megaliths megalith- , or for whom the stones were built. Megalith, megaliths built to strengthen human fertility, cattle, and what they sow, and thus increase the wealth of generations to come.
Megalithic culture is then entered by the Dong Son culture which brings bronze and iron technology, and give breath and strength and creativity only in cultural groups in the archipelago. It is estimated also that the Dong Son culture brought rice farming technologies in the fields. Technology paddy encourage small communities to better integrate developing and maintaining irrigation systems, planting coordination simultaneously at the same time. In the process of history, technology has pushed rice integration process of the Indonesian village communities, which until now the foundation of our nation's biggest life. He is also closely connected with the rhythms of climate, coming dry season and rainy season, affecting the pattern of life in Indonesia. Harvest season is mating season for example.
Ancestor worship is one of the nation's cultural roots of Indonesia. Cosmic view of the contradiction between the underworld and the world of social organization is reflected in our various ethnic groups; the mother and father's lines, hubungann basis between the two tribes together to take men and women of two tribes for marriage, no one makes a higher rate position than the other. Each tribe took turns occupying a superior place and a place below. Structures tribalism is a mechanism in the direction of democracy, that if we can develop a good strength for our nation's democratic tradition.
Arrival of Buddhism, Hinduism and Islam, the rise of feudalism, then came the European colonists brought the oppression, and Christianity, then through Western education into all of modern science and modern technologies has prompted a variety of social processes, politics, economics, and culture, which ultimately Indonesia to bring people on the state today.
The roots of the old culture so withered and forgotten, although there are of them without us knowing it was still asleep in our subconscious. The rise of feudalism in Indonesia with the birth of a variety of large and small kingdoms changed the relationship between power and human or community members. Dutch colonial system using controlled and ruled by the aristocratic class or the old feudal feudal Indonesia has continued the tradition continues in our society. In fact, after Indonesia's independence, relationships characterized values of feudalism still persist, so often we say that we are now facing neo-feudalism in new forms.
All the education of modern, Western and Eastern philosophies, ideologies that come from the West on man and society. Islam and Christianity who became the final layer on top of old beliefs and values of our cultural roots, the syncretism of Indonesian human resources, they are accepted in him without much conflict in our lives and ourselves.
Something happens within us, to be culturally unable to separate one from another: which one is superstitious, which is scientific, which is a shadow, which is reality, where dreams and where the real world. In fact, many people are now making science and technology so superstitious in the sense, people believe that science and technology can solve all human problems in the world. And there who do the opposite.
We are not so sharp anymore distinguish between falsehood and what is halal. Because of that rollicking and full of happiness we perform large-scale corruption, and not feel guilty at all (Lubis, the "Liberation of Culture-Culture You; 1999).
Culture WEST IN INDONESIA
The process of acculturation in Indonesia seem to be confusing beralir, accelerated by radical proposals, is inhibited by the flow of old-fashioned, lost in ideologies, but basically seen holding a straight direction: "The Things of humanity enjoys all humanity". Lies the principal with the spontaneous flow receiving elements of a clear international culture in a positive benefit.
However, on reflection and in an attempt to formulate it is often a reaction, because the category of thinking has not reconcile themselves with new or upgrading of a foreign atmosphere. Stages of acculturation to Western culture at the beginning can still be distinguished, then the overlapping to one another until the plurality, degree, level and flow simultaneously embossed. Western culture affects people of Indonesia, layer by layer, more and more widely in (Bakker; 1984).
Is modern Western culture are all bad and will be biting our National Cultural ideas? Therefore, we need to formulate a clear definition of Modern Western Culture. Frans Magnis Suseno in his book "Philosophy Political culture", to distinguish three kinds of Modern Western Culture:
a. Modern Culture Technology
First we must distinguish between modern Western culture and Modern Technological Culture. Modern Technological Culture is a subsidiary of Western Culture. However, despite the Modern Technological Culture obviously also determine the form of Western culture, the boy has matured and is now getting more and more non-Western inputs, such as from Japan.
Tekonologis Modern Culture is something that complex. Simplistic revelations, as well as black and white judgments will show only kekurangcanggihan mind. Culture is seen not only in science and technology, but rather in a dominant position taken by the results of science and technology in public life: the media of communication, physical mobility and transportation facilities, all kinds of home appliances and modern weaponry. Almost all products of daily living needs are involved in the making of modern technology.
Modern Technological culture is contradictory. In a sense he is value free, neutral. Can be used or not. Its use has no ideological or religious implications. A secularists and atheists, liberal Christians, Buddhists, Muslims or Islamic Fundamentalist Modernist, even all sorts of New Age and the flow of a normal can and want to wear, without compromising their beliefs or their beliefs. Modern Technological Culture prominently are instumental.
b. Artificial Modern Culture
From Technological Modern culture is necessary to distinguish what I would call the Culture of Modern Copies. Modern Artificial culture manifests itself in an environment that seems to reflect kegemerlapan high technology and modernity, but in fact only covers possession only outward symbols, such as international airports culture, cultural supermarket (mall), and the culture of Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC).
At the international airport is surrounded by a high-tech results, he moves in an artificial world: escalators, duty free shop to offer things that look flashy and modern, although not required, non-real atmosphere of an aircraft cabin, all artificial, all around the world together, there is no inner connection.
Modern Artificial Cultural life of illusion, that the origin of people in contact with the results of modern technology, he became modern humans. Though an artificial world that does not contribute anything to our identity. Our identity is even more empty because we are increasingly letting ourselves be steered. Our tastes, our behavior, choice of clothing, a sense of awe and our assessment of the manipulated, the more we do not have ourselves. That is why culture is not real, but artificial, mulatto.
Children's Culture Modern Consumerism Replicas are: people addicted to buy, not because he needs, or want to enjoy what you buy, but buy your own sake. Blateran Modern Culture, and even make us lose the ability to enjoy something in earnest. Consumerism means we want to have something, but we are increasingly no longer able to enjoy it. People eat at KFC chicken is not because there is more tasty, but because fast food is considered a trendy style human, is a modern and trendy.
c. Culture-Western Culture
We mistake if we equate with culture blastern Modern Western Culture. Blastern culture was a product of Western culture, but not her heart, not its center and not the key to its vitality. He threatened the Western culture, as he threatened the cultural identity of others, but he has not been annexed. Italy, France, spayol, Germany, even perhaps the United States still retain their distinctive cultures of each. Despite the ubiquitous people drink Coca Cola, the culture has not become Culture Coca Cola.
People who simply tersenggol little fake it with Western culture, thus not necessarily be a modern person. He also will not understand how Westerners judge, what his ideals about relationships, what aesthetic taste and flavor, whether moral beliefs and religious, are understood his responsibility (Suseno; 1992).
INDONESIAN CULTURAL SITUATION
In a presentation about the cultural roots of the above we know that our ancestors are the ancestor of a strong and this nation has been able to do acculturation positively so that we can integrate the outside culture to enhance their own culture. But we must see how the situation in real terms our culture today.
Sajiman Surjohadiprojo culture in a speech in 1986 addressed the persoalah us today, which is less powerful human ability to expend energy in Indonesia. This resulted in a lack of power or ability to do the follow. Plan a good concept, the result of intelligent brains, live and plan and because the mere concept are less able to make it happen. Another result is the self-discipline and pengendalikan. Lack of discipline not because of lack of awareness of rules and regulations, but because it is less able to present themselves to fulfill their respective rules and regulations. Lack of energy mnegeluarkan capabilities also result in dependency on others. Independence hard to find and have an impact in all aspects of life including leadership and responsibility.
According to him this weakness is the weakness of Culture. That is, the improvement of a weak state that can only be achieved through a cultural approach. The solution should be through education in a broad sense and the Nation and Character Building (Surjohadiprodjo, in "Culture-Culture We Liberation; 1999).
Mochtar Lubis also in the same occasion during the 1986 Culture Meeting, said that the condition of our culture today is predominantly characterized by features:
1. Serious contradictions between cultural assumptions and moral pretensions of Pancasila with reality.
2. Hypocrisy.
3. Lack of creativity.
4. Damn work ethic.
5. Neo-Feudalism.
6. Culture of shame has vanished (Lubis, 1999).
INDONESIAN CULTURAL CHALLENGES
1. Artificial Modern Culture
The challenge that truly threatens us is the imitation of Modern Culture. He is threatening precisely because it is not true, is not substantial. On offer is a pseudoscience. Culture that makes us human plastics, man without personality, man alienated, empty man, talkative man.
Modern crossbreed like the vampire culture: he dressed up, have a tremendous appeal, he gradually meyedot our original view about values, about basic self-esteem, about the status. He offers the luxuries that had we can not even dream of. He promised fullness of life, stability of self, as long as we want to stop thinking yourself, stop making us lose our own judgments. Finally we ran out of blood, running out of identities. Modern culture makes us loose imitation of our own traditional culture, as well as modern technological culture does not touch the real (Suseno; 1992)
2. How Feeding, Clothing, and Housing
Ki Hajar Dewantara said that, culture is the human struggle to overcome the problem of nature and time. The most fundamental problem for humans is a matter of eating, clothing and housing. When people are malnourished how he would get a smart person. When basic needs are met not only how people will think ahead and create a great technology. Let alone for it, the problem of meeting the needs of our highly affect the pattern of relationships between people. People willing to steal and even kill so he could eat a bite of rice. Thus, negligence in this case not only have an impact on poverty, hunger, death, but will affect the socio-cultural fabric of society.
3. Education the Right Problem
Education remains a serious issue of concern if the nation wants to be seen in the world arena. There is an interesting phenomenon related to this, namely culture of collaboration with education, in terms of how the existing education system mengintrinsikkan culture in it. Where there is a culture that became the spirit of the educational system that we apply.
4. Pursuing the Advancement of Science and Technology Development
This problem started when we arrive is still a consumer of technology products from foreign countries. Scientifics situation we have not been well developed and has not been supported by a conducive environment for scientists to conduct research and creation of products, new technologies. If we continue to rely on imported products from overseas, then we will continue to be underdeveloped. Therefore, it is a challenge for us to catch up science and technology from developed countries.
5. Global Natural Condition
Some time ago on the front page of the daily Kompas on 12 April 2007, there is exciting news about the state of the earth today, 'Global Warming, Millions of People will Teracam ". Global warming will give a real negative impact to the lives of hundreds of millions of people in the world. Thus, among others, the contents of a second UN report was published in 2007. The first report contains the scientific evidence of climate change, while the third report will reveal the action to handle it.
Report of the experts who are members of Intergovermental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was unfolded in the press conference simultaneously in different parts of the world, Tuesday (04/10/2007). 1572 pages length report had been written and studied 441 members of the IPCC.
One of the impacts of global warming is increasing the earth's surface temperature over the next five years. That would lead to an iceberg melting in Latin America. Subsequent impacts were crop failures, which by 2050 resulted in 130 million people worldwide, mainly in Asia, famine. Wheat farming in Africa will also experience the same thing.
The report underlines the effects of global warming in the form of rising sea levels, the disappearance of some species and growing national disaster. Mentioned, 30% of the coastline in the world will disappear in 2080. Layers of polar ice melts to water flow occurs at the north pole. That would result in sinking Panama canal.
Rising temperatures trigger a catastrophic hurricane to affect the coasts have been safe from the storm. Many places are now increasingly dry dry, on the contrary a variety of wet places will get wet. The gap distribution of water naturally this will potentially increase the tension in pemanfaaatan water for the benefit of industry, agriculture and residents.
Asia became part of the earth that will be most severe. Climate change is not detected will be environmental and economic disaster, and the tail is a human tragedy. The report warned that any increase in air temperature of 2 degrees Celsius, among others, will reduce agricultural production in China and Bangladesh to 30 percent by 2050. Increasing water scarcity in India along with the decrease of ice in the Himalayas. About 100 million people in Asian coastal settlements were flooded due to an increase in sea levels of between 1 millimeter to 3 millimeters per year. Currently, global warming has been felt with the occurrence of death and extinction of species in Africa and Asia (Kompas, Thursday, April 12, 2007).
CIVILIZATION INDONESIA
To create a distinctive cultural formulations and can answer the challenges of the times ahead is not an easy job. There needs to be a sense of togetherness and participation of every citizen of this country. Thinkers and scientists have to work hard to make a clear concept in achieving this.
Indonesian struggle of national goals is to create a fair and prosperous society. Indonesia struggle toward the ideal civilization takes time and struggle. Recognition as one of the world civilization must have some reservations. The terms that we can see from the embodiment of civilization in the world since the beginning of human history. Apparently, the life of the society is recognized as one of civilization that shows an advanced outward life, and progress was quite prominent from the outward life of other people (Sajidiman, in the "Liberation of Culture-Culture You"; 1999).
Advanced outward life was the result of the mastery of science and technology applicable in his day. Even in societies that place the development of inventions and innovations in science and technology. As a result of the mastery of science and technology can be brought forward in agricultural production and farmers' welfare. The same is true for production in the oceans and the welfare of fishermen and sailors. Industrialization has developed high-yield preferred shares range of goods at home and abroad. Various working paper, ie producing electrical energy, a variety of communications, state of roads, land, sea and air, all in accordance with the conditions of international cutting-edge science and technology development. Kesejahtreaan evenly among all members of society. And if there are people who are poor, then that is a small minority. It lets people send their children well, and the educational infrastructure available with sufficient quality and quantity. High standard of living in a society allows a large part of agricultural production and isdustri marketed within the community itself, so the dependence on the outside is not too large (Sajidiman, in the "Liberation of Culture-Culture You"; 1999).
Conditions that support the development of creative arts and literature. Various artistic progress and done the population in large numbers. Literature produces books and other writings result, numerous and its variations, and bought by the majority community. Architecture generate dwelling houses, government buildings, places of worship are beautiful, but also sturdy and durable (Sajidiman, in the "Liberation of Culture-Culture You"; 1999).
Social conditions steady enough to show a healthy family life and sturdy, less unemployment and no hunger. Krimanalitas probably can not be excluded a hundred percent, but the number is very small and controlled. But civilization will not only require an advanced outward life and stand out, also need to have a solid spiritual life and evenly (Sajidiman, in the "Liberation of Culture-Culture You"; 1999).
Performed by a resident of religious life with great faith and devotion. And harmony among various religions went well. People do not execute the provisions of religion only as a mere ritual, but have a real impact in the life of high morals and discipline. Then there is the ability of self-control is strong enough. That's what helped brighten the lives of democracy that embody the people's sovereignty. In many professions, ethics upheld without reducing the necessary dynamics of society at that time (Sajidiman, in the "Liberation of Culture-Culture You"; 1999).
Well-maintained national unity, without prejudice to the rights and abilities of each element of the nation develops itself in outward and inward. The existence of good infrastructure in various areas contribute to the unity of the nation. But more important is the awareness of the harmonious relationship between part and whole (Sajidiman, in the "Liberation of Culture-Culture You"; 1999).
Foreign relations with other nations with well organized to foster world peace and welfare of mankind. Especially with the environment of Southeast Asia there is a close relationship and harmony. Towards the nations that are classified as poor and backward can be held outward and inward to help commercialize their progress (Sajidiman, in the "Liberation of Culture-Culture You"; 1999).
EPILOGUE
Understood that culture is a positive human response to situations and conditions that occur in the vicinity. Moreover, culture is a manifestation of the human aspect of the multi-dimensional.
Any theory of culture is too slow to understand everyday people who move fast. Humans do not just knit meaning through work, but inter-subjective communication with symbols. Humans are everyday people who talk, think and mamaknai. Culture is the human dimension of the festival kemajemukkan and reject all forms of reductionism. Man is not merely economic beings that merely focuses on how to survive. Reflection space covered by the determination of work opened culturally. Culture is the locus where the human is not only dealers and buyers, but rather multi-dimensional beings. Each dimension in itself has the same right to expressed (Adian, in Kompas 14 April 2007; 14)
Associated with the formulation of Indonesian culture, is a necessity to further explore the characteristics we humans Indonesia that have formed so long since BC periods. And should also consider the natural factors around it. Thus, we are not stuck and lost in today's global cultural flows, which do not necessarily correspond with the personality of our nation. Hopefully the ideals toward Indonesia that advanced civilizations is not just a dream!.
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