Tiger Of Sumatra is the only one of the remaining subspecies of tiger in Indonesia. Its existence until now increasingly worried. Loss of habitat and prey (Bovidae and Cervidae) causes the animals that live on the island of Sumatra is increasingly endangered. Currently estimated to range from 400-500 tail remaining in the wild (Seidenstiker, 1999).
The length of a male Sumatran tiger could reach 2.2 to 2.8 meters, while females from 2.15 to 2.3 meters. Height is measured from foot to neck the average was 75 cm, but there is also a reach between 80-95 cm, and weighs 130-255 kg. This animal had feathers along the 8 - 11 mm, the mane on a male Sumatran tiger sized 11-13 cm.
Feathers on the chin, cheeks, and back of the head shorter. Tail length of about 65-95 cm (Directorate of Nature Conservation, 1986; Hafild and Aniger, 1984; Kahar, 1997; Macdonald, 1986; Mountfort, 1973; Saleh and Kambey, 2003; Sutedja and Taufik, 1993; Suwelo and Somantri, 1978; Treep, 1973)
Sumatran tiger stripes are thinner than other tiger subspecies. This subspecies also had more beard and mane than other subspecies, especially the male tiger.
Its small size makes it easier to move through the jungle. There is a membrane in between the fingers that make them able to swim fast. The tiger is known to drive hoofed prey into the water, especially if the prey animal is a slow swimmer. Fur changed color to dark green when giving birth.
Habitat:
Sumatran tigers, as well as other types of tigers, is a species that easily adapt to the conditions of her neighborhood in the wild. Absolute condition that affects the selection of a tiger habitat are:
The existence of good-quality habitat, including vegetation cover as a shelter and rest to be protected from the heat and as a place to raise children as well as hunting.
There is a water source, because this animal life is dependent on water for drinking, bathing, and swimming
Prey availability in sufficient quantities.
Type the location of which is usually an option Sumatran tiger habitat in Indonesia varied, with an altitude between 0000-3000 meters above sea level, such as:
Tropical rain forest, primary and secondary forests in the lowlands to highlands, forests, savannahs, open forests, coastal forests, and forest logged
Muddy beaches, mangroves, swampy coastal brackish and freshwater beaches
Pasture mainly grasslands
Flat area along the river, especially on the river that flows through land that is covered by tropical rain forest
Also frequently seen on the plantation and agricultural land
In addition, many tigers found in the area hiutan peat.
Food:
Sumatran tigers, including the type that normally prey Carnivora: Sambar deer (Cervus unicolor), Deer (Muntiacus muntjak), hare (Tragulus sp.), And wild boar (Sus sp.). Wild buffalo (Bubalus bubalis), Tapir (Tapirus indicus), Monkey (Macaca Irus), Langur (Presbytis entellus), Porcupine (Hystrix brachyura), pangolin (Manis javanica), Honey Bear (Heralctos malayanus), the kinds of reptiles such as turtles turtles, snakes, and lizards, and various species of birds, fish, and frogs and other types of other wildlife.
Pets or livestock are also often fall prey to tigers are buffalo, goats, sheep, cows, dogs and chickens. Usually these animals are hunted tiger when the tiger habitat is disturbed or damaged, forcing the tiger out of its habitat to residential or supply of prey in the wild is up or greatly reduced in number.
To meet the needs of food, hunting tigers 3-6 days, depending on the obtainment of small prey. Usually a tiger needs about 6-7 kg of meat per day, sometimes even up to 40 kg of meat meal. The large number of these needs depends on whether the tiger is looking for food for himself or tigress to feed her children (Macdonald, 1986; Mountfort, 1973).
The lifetime of a tiger is around 10-15 years. Tigers living in captivity are generally much longer, can reach 16 - 25 years (Macdonald, 1986).
Reproduction
The tiger is an animal with a fairly high level of proliferation. Sexual maturity at the age of the tigress is 3-4 years, whereas male tiger at the age of 4-5 years. Long gestation ranges from 102-110 days tigress The number of tiger cubs born at once ranged in number between 1-6 tail, and sometimes even born 7 animals, but of that number are able to survive and live to adulthood only two or three tails only. Tigress for his life to give birth to a total of up to 30 tail, and every year to give birth. The distance between the birth of approximately 22 months, or 2-3 years, but can be faster when her son was dead.
Tiger not the usual types of animals that live in groups but the type of solitary animals, ie animals that most of his time living alone, except during mating season or childbearing. Home range for a female tiger is about 20 km2, while for male tiger about 60-100 km2. But the figure is not a definite provision, because in determining the territory is also influenced by circumstances of geography and number of prey land in the area. Usually the male tiger territories 3-4 times wider than the tigress. In Way Kambas in the 100 km2 in inhabited by 3-5 tigers.
The Sumatran tiger is a species endemic to the distribution found only in Sumatra alone. Previously, the Sumatran tiger population is very widely spread, ranging from Aceh, in the lowlands Indragiri, Lumbu In, Litur River, Batang Attacks, Jambi and the Siak River, Silindung, even on the mainland and the Riau Islands Bengkalis. At this time, the numbers are much reduced with a limited deployment.
According to records available in the year 1800 - 1900 the number of Sumatran Tigers are still very much, the tens of thousands. In 1978, from a survey estimated the number of Sumatran Tigers is around 1000 and currently range tail tail 500-600. An estimated reduction in the number of Sumatran Tigers at least 30 individuals per year, with the main causes are: Forest Conversion, Degradation Habitat, Habitat Fragmentation, Conflict Tiger with Human, Tiger Poaching and Prey.
Sumatran Tiger Conservation In Comprehensive
Population of Sumatran Tiger (Panthera tigris sumatraensis) in their natural habitat as a whole has not precisely known, but it is certain that the population is now in very critical condition.
In 1994 an estimated population of Sumatran tigers living wild only 500-600 tail alone and that too live scattered in small populations in the Conservation Area and the Outer Conservation Area. Meanwhile, the Directorate Jederal PHKA memeperkirakan annually 30 Sumatran tigers have died due to poaching.
This condition if not treated seriously and intensively to ensure that the Sumatran tiger in the wild populations will decline rapidly and in a long time not going extinct, as has happened in Bali tiger, Caspian and Javan tigers are already considered extinct.
Decline in population of Sumatran tigers in the wild due to many factors that affect each other and occur simultaneously. Factors that cause them, are:
Information and knowledge in the field of bio-ecology of Sumatran tiger is still limited.
The decline in the quality and quantity of Sumatran tiger habitat due to forest conversion, forest exploitation, illegal logging, forest encroachment, forest fires and others
Habitat fragmentation due to Land Use Planning and land use and forest less attention to those aspects of wildlife conservation, especially the Sumatran tiger.
Sumatran tiger deaths directly caused by hunting for the economic, aesthetic, traditional medicine, magic, sports and hobbies as well as defend themselves because of conflicts between tigers with the community.
The arrest and removal from the natural habitat of Sumatran tiger conservation agencies to eksitu because of conflict or other needs.
Decline in population of tiger prey species as migratory as well as hunted by the people.
The low elements of the Sumatran tiger conservation management manager.
The low public awareness of nature conservation and low enforcement of "Wildlife Crime" has also accelerated the decline of Sumatran tiger populations in the wild.
To prevent the extinction of the Sumatran tiger and restore populations of tigers are at the level of unhealthy to healthy population levels necessary actions that can simultaneously address the factors that cause the extinction of the Sumatran tiger is on top.
Sumatran Tiger Conservation Program
As a form of cooperation between the Ministry of Forestry with The Tiger Foundation Regulations and the Sumatran Tiger Trust UK seeks to develop the Sumatran tiger conservation program that is comprehensive to address the factors causing the decline of Sumatran tiger populations. Conservation efforts undertaken by the Sumatran Tiger Conservation Program include:
Conducted a study bioekologi Sumatran tiger.
Expand the habitat of the Sumatran tiger who is outside the conservation area as protected areas for conservation of the Sumatran tiger.
Enhance protection activities and the Sumatran tiger habitat.
Increasing public awareness of nature conservation and improve the quality of enforcement of "Wildlife Crime"
Improving the quality of the handling of conflicts between tigers with a society that can guarantee kelesatrian Sumatran tiger.
Monitoring the natural habitat of Sumatran tiger populations in the long run.
To increase the quality of human resources management and cooperation between all institutions concerned about the preservation of the Sumatran tiger.
Extend the Sumatran Tiger Conservation Strategy in the Future
Bioekologi Sumatran Tiger
Sumatran tiger, or Panthera tigris sumatrae (Pocock, 1929) are included in the taxonomy in biology:
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Class: mammals
Infra-class: Eutheria
Order: Carnivora
Sub Order: Fissipedia
Super family: Felloidea
Family: Felidae
Sub family: Pantherina
Genus: Panthera
Species: Panthera tigris
Subspecies: Panthera tigris sumatrae
Panthera tigris sumatrae addition there are seven other subspecies are also included in the species Panthera tigris is:
Indian or Bengal tiger tiger (Panthera tigris tigris),
Siberian tiger (Panthera tigris altaica),
Chinese or Amoy tiger (Panthera tigris amoyensis),
Indo-Chinese tiger (Panthera tigris corbetti),
Caspian tiger (Panthera tigris virgata), which became extinct around 1950,
Java tiger (Panthera tigris sondaica), found in Java, Indonesia, was declared extinct around 1980, and
Bali tiger (Panthera tigris balica), located in Bali and was declared extinct in 1937.
Tiger Population and Habitat Monitoring Long-Term
To find out the population, distribution and activity patterns in the habitat of Sumatran tigers, Sumatran Tiger Conservation Program carry out the shooting using the Infrared Camera.
Infrared Camera mounted tiger tracks in places that operate for 24 hours in a period of time. Camera will automatically capture and record the time each individual passing through the camera lens. Thus the camera will not only photographing wildlife but also tigers and tiger prey species. Using the infrared camera in sufficient quantities and for a long time, will obtain data and the spread of Sumatran tiger populations with high accuracy.
Tiger dies leaving spots ..............
Similarly, to identify each individual Sumatran tigers used analysis of existing camouflage pattern on the skin, because every individual has a tiger stripe pattern that is different from other individuals. Differences camouflage pattern on a tiger skin pattern is similar to human fingerprints.
Besides being able to identify individual tigers, captured with an infrared camera can also be used to determine the pattern of daily activities of the Sumatran tiger, the density and diversity of prey species diversity also other wildlife. Development of GIS in the management and monitoring of habitats and distribution of Sumatran tigers are also an important part in the activities of Sumatran Tiger Conservation Program. For it is periodically done updating data and information corresponding developments in the field.
Sumatran Tiger Population
According to records available in the year 1800 - 1900 the number of Sumatran Tigers are still very much, reaching thousands of individuals. In 1978, from a survey estimated the number of Sumatran Tigers is around 1000 birds. After that Sumatra has developed very rapidly among others, in agriculture, plantation and forestry as well as residential and industrial development. Consequently Sumatran Tiger habitat declining an automatic result also in the population. An estimated current population of about 500 Sumatran tigers in the tail, which spread over the main conservation area outside the 400 individuals and 100 individuals living conservation area.
From the existing data seen a reduction in the number of Sumatran Tiger by about 33 chickens per year. With conditions like this then, if not done an intensive management of Sumatran tigers is estimated to be extinct within ten years.
Results of surveys and population monitoring using infrared cameras made important tiger habitats dibebarapa population data obtained as follows:
In Way Kambas National Park: 43-46 tail, has been photographed 44 individuals,
In Bukit Tigapuluh National Park: 23-26 tail, has been photographed seven individuals
Forest Area in Senepis-Buluhala: 11-14 tail, has been photographed, 9 individuals
Protected Areas Development Tigers
Natural habitat of the Sumatran tiger has been degraded and fragmented habitat-becoming a small habita. Similarly, tigers that live in it has been fragmented into small populations and spread.
Those populations are in a healthy population status, population is less healthy and unhealthy populations and isolated populations.
To determine the population status and condition of natural habitats scattered tiger Sumatran Tiger Conservation Program to identify and inventory of habitats and populations are still allowed to be saved. Activities Identification and Inventory of habitat and population status of priority on the Forest Group Bengalis (TCU 147), the Siak River Forest Group (TCU 149) and the Kampar River Forest Group (TCU 150).
In addition Sumatran Tiger Conservation Program also provides technical assistance and expertise to the Regional Government and Central Government will expand, develop or propose new conservation areas that also function as habitat and refuge Sumatran tiger.
Until the mid of 2005 forest area that has done a study as an important habitat of the Sumatran tiger, are:
Sei-forest group Senepis Buluhala in Dumai City contained in the TCU 147
Forest Buffer Zone in Bukit Tigapuluh Kab.Tanjung West Jabung, Kab. Tebo in Jambi province and district. Indragiri Hilir and Kab. Kuantan Senggigi in Riau Province.
Part of the Kampar River Forest Group (TCU 150), located in the District. Pelalawan, Riau Province.
Tiger Trouble Handling
Based on field studies conducted Sumatran Tiger Conservation Program of forest clearing, exploitation of forests and vegetation conversion of natural forests into monoculture is a source of conflict between tigers with the villagers and workers in forest opening Dumai City and surrounding areas.
The opening of forest areas and conversion of natural forests in In Dumai City and surrounding areas has led to:
The decline in quantity, quality and carrying capacity of the habitat of the Sumatran tiger.
Declining population of tigers and prey species such as deer, wild boar, monkeys etc. therefore switched places, fled to a better place and because the dead.
Shelter and raising a child becomes missing.
Territorial Sumatran tiger being changed.
The situation has been pressing the Sumatran tiger to seek new territory and into the settlements to look for prey, so that has led to conflicts between tigers and man. In the period 1996 - 2004 more than 152 cases of tiger conflict with the society that resulted in more than 25 people died, dozens injured and hundreds of livestock owned by villagers eaten by tigers. Losses suffered by the people in surrounding forest group Senepis caused by tiger during this conflict, such as:
Fear That Suffered by the community
Victims Livestock Injuries and Death
Victims of Human Injuries and Deaths
The absence of rules and regulations regarding the determination of the status of tigers in trouble as well as the absence of procedures for the handling of the tiger problem has led to diversity in the setting and penangana tiger problematic. Some communities take action themselves and not pay attention to the rules of conservation, namely by making arrests with noose even to the killing of these animals. This condition if not treated immediately, there will be a repetitive action and is considered correct. Besides catching tigers in trouble shooting by a particular community is often misused to a hunting and illegal trade in tigers.
Handling problematic tiger conducted by the Ministry of Forestry for this is still limited to the arrest and transfer it to the Conservation Eksitu. The situation is less guarantee the preservation of Sumatran tigers in their natural habitat.
In order for handling troubled tiger can better ensure the sustainability of the natural population in the Sumatran tiger, Sumatran Tiger Conservation Program since 2003 to develop "technical arrest and release back into natural habitat" for the tiger cause of conflict.
To avoid the ill effects caused by catching, then sought as soon as the tiger caught immediately released into their habitat without the use of drugs. As of June 2005 has been successful reintroduction kehabitatnya 4 (four) tigers in trouble in the Forest Senepis
To help tasks cq Directorate General of Forestry Department in handling conflict PHKA tiger, Conservation Program has developed a Draft Protocol Handling of Conflict between the Tigers with the Society.
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